Exergetic characterization of titanium oxide phthalocyanine as a gasoline additive in an SI engine: Irreversibility reduction, sustainability index, and response surface modeling
Applied Thermal Engineering, cilt.303, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 303
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132136
- Dergi Adı: Applied Thermal Engineering
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Compendex, INSPEC, DIALNET, Business Source Ultimate (EBSCO)
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Combustion catalyst, Exergy destruction, Response surface methodology, Spark-ignition engine, Sustainability index, Titanium oxide phthalocyanine
- Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
This study presents the first comprehensive second-law (exergy) characterization of titanium oxide phthalocyanine (TiOPc), a titanyl-centered organometallic macrocycle, used as a trace gasoline additive in a spark-ignition engine. The objective is to quantify how a molecular-scale additive at ≈ 4 mg L−1 modifies combustion irreversibilities. Three fuels—neat gasoline and two TiOPc-doped blends (BY5, BY10) prepared from a tetrahydrofuran-based stock solution—were tested in a single-cylinder, four-stroke SI engine at 2500 rpm over a torque range of 1.2–10.4 Nm. Energy and exergy balances, entropy generation, and a Sustainability Index were computed at each operating point, and response surface methodology (RSM) with leave-one-out cross-validation was used to model NOx, CO2, and brake thermal efficiency. The TiOPc–THF stock-solution blends were associated with substantial second-law gains: at 7.79 Nm, BY5 exhibited an exergy efficiency of 13.14% versus 8.30% for neat gasoline (a 58.3% relative improvement) and a 30.6% lower brake-specific fuel consumption, while at 10.4 Nm BY10 showed an exergy destruction of 9.62 kW versus 15.08 kW for gasoline (36.2% lower) and the highest Sustainability Index of 1.177. The novelty of this work is the demonstration that a titanyl-centered phthalocyanine, at a loading two to three orders of magnitude below conventional additives, was associated with exergy and sustainability gains comparable to far higher-dose formulations, indicating that titanyl-centered phthalocyanine delivered through a trace carrier is a promising, mass-efficient, infrastructure-compatible route toward more sustainable SI-engine operation. Because the present design does not include a carrier-only baseline, the reported effects reflect the combined TiOPc–carrier contribution rather than TiOPc alone.