Hydrothermal liquefaction of sinapis arvensis biomass using TiO₂-supported metal catalysts: A study on bio-oil yield and composition

Durak H., Genel S., Genel Y.

Journal of Supercritical Fluids, cilt.227, 2026 (SCI-Expanded) identifier

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Cilt numarası: 227
  • Basım Tarihi: 2026
  • Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.supflu.2025.106745
  • Dergi Adı: Journal of Supercritical Fluids
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Academic Search Premier, Aerospace Database, Chemical Abstracts Core, Chimica, Communication Abstracts, Compendex, Food Science & Technology Abstracts, INSPEC, Metadex, Civil Engineering Abstracts
  • Anahtar Kelimeler: Bio-oil production, Biomass conversion, Hydrothermal liquefaction, TiO₂-supported catalysts
  • Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

The development of catalytic systems for hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is crucial for transforming lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels with high energy density. This research investigates the HTL process of Sinapis arvensis biomass using TiO₂-supported catalysts, specifically Fe, Al, and Fe–Al, at temperatures from 275–325 °C. The catalysts were synthesized through incipient wetness impregnation and characterized using techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) to evaluate element distribution and surface chemistry. Findings show that the Al/TiO₂ catalyst boosted lighter bio-oil production via acid-catalyzed dehydration and decarboxylation, while the Fe/TiO₂ catalyst favored heavier oils through redox-assisted depolymerization. The Fe–Al/TiO₂ bifunctional catalyst exhibited superior biomass conversion, yielding more aliphatic hydrocarbons. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed how catalysts influenced product distributions, increasing monoaromatic and aliphatic compounds and reducing oxygenated entities. Elemental analysis confirmed higher carbon content, lower oxygen levels, and improved higher heating values (HHVs) in catalyzed bio-oils, indicating enhanced fuel quality.