Multifunctional one-part GBFS geopolymer foams with CDW aggregates and nano-ZnO: Mechanical properties, durability, and antimicrobial performance
Construction and Building Materials, cilt.547, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 547
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.148581
- Dergi Adı: Construction and Building Materials
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Compendex, INSPEC
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Antimicrobial performance, Construction and demolition waste aggregates, Freeze-thaw resistance, Ground granulated blast-furnace slag, Nano-zinc oxide, One-part geopolymer foam
- Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
Despite growing interest in sustainable construction materials, there remains a lack of comprehensive understanding of how construction and demolition waste (CDW) fine aggregates and nano-scale additives jointly influence the performance of one-part geopolymer foams. This study addresses this gap by systematically investigating the combined effects of CDW replacement and nano-ZnO incorporation in ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS)-based geopolymer foams using a 3 × 3 factorial design with 0, 50, and 100 vol% CDW and 0, 1, and 2 wt% nano-ZnO. Fresh behavior, mechanical and transport properties, freeze-thaw resistance, high-temperature response, microstructure, and antimicrobial activity were evaluated. Increasing CDW and nano-ZnO generally reduced flow, density, and ambient strength while increasing water-accessible porosity and sorptivity. Oven-dry density ranged from 1412 to 2194 kg/m³ , and 28-day compressive strength from 20.7 to 43.9 MPa. Nano-ZnO produced a non-monotonic response: 1 wt% caused marked strength loss, whereas 2 wt% yielded partial compressive-strength recovery, indicating competing effects of reaction retardation, agglomeration, pore development, and possible filler/nucleation contributions. Sorptivity correlated strongly with apparent porosity and freeze-thaw mass loss, but weakly with freeze-thaw strength loss, demonstrating different controls on surface scaling and bulk damage. At 800 °C, strength retention increased from 8.5% for the reference to 16.0% for the mixture with 100% CDW and 0 wt% nano-ZnO, while the highest retention was 19.8% for the 2 wt% nano-ZnO mixture without CDW. The strongest antimicrobial response occurred against Candida albicans , with a 28 mm inhibition zone. Overall, CDW content, nano-ZnO dosage, and pore architecture acted as coupled design variables governing multifunctional performance.