Coupled conductive-advective heat transport and long-term borehole heat exchanger field performance in a fault-controlled geothermal reservoir: a case study from Diyadin, Eastern Türkiye
HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/WAERME- UND STOFFUEBERTRAGUNG, cilt.62, sa.151, ss.1-30, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 62 Sayı: 151
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1007/s00231-026-03781-7
- Dergi Adı: HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER/WAERME- UND STOFFUEBERTRAGUNG
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Engineering Source (EBSCO), Scopus, Materials Science & Engineering Collection (ProQuest), Technology Collection (ProQuest), Aerospace Database, Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Chimica, Compendex, INSPEC
- Sayfa Sayıları: ss.1-30
- Açık Arşiv Koleksiyonu: AVESİS Açık Erişim Koleksiyonu
- Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
This study numerically investigates coupled conductive–advective heat transport in the fault-controlled Diyadin geothermal field, eastern Türkiye, with emphasis on the long-term performance of a borehole heat exchanger (BHE) field supported by natural geothermal replenishment. Temperature–depth data from the AD-2 geothermal well, compiled from MTA well-completion reports, were used to constrain basal conductive heat-flux values of 0.88–1.35 W m⁻2 . Analytical conductive–advective calculations were used to characterize the thermal-influence domain around AD-2. Calibration against the AD-2 temperature–depth profile identified an approximately 2500 m2 basal heat-input area, a basal heat flux of 1.4 W m⁻2 , and a fault-related fluid-flow flux of 1.82×10⁻⁶ m s⁻1 as the parameter combination providing the best agreement with observations (ME=1.25 K, MAE=1.48 K, RMSE=1.83 K, R2=0.989). Reservoir-scale simulations over 30–150 years were used to assess the long-term evolution of the natural hydrothermal field, whereas engineering-scale BHE-field simulations were evaluated separately over 10–20 years The engineering simulations represent seasonal heat extraction from a BHE field interacting with the naturally replenished geothermal environment; no artificial thermal charging, heat injection, or seasonal storage cycle was imposed. Among the tested configurations, the 50-borehole layout with 10–15 m spacing showed the most favorable long-term thermal response. At Year 20, total thermal output ranged from 21.92 to 75.61 kW when basal heat input was included and from 3.90 to 15.70 kW in the zero basal heat-flux sensitivity case. The results indicate that basal heat input, fault-controlled groundwater flow, and coupled conductive–advective heat transport strongly influence the long-term performance of BHE fields developed in fault-controlled geothermal environments