Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for determination of indomethacin in complex matrices using a choline chloride-2-phenylethanol deep eutectic solvent: multi-tool greenness and sustainability and in vitro cytotoxicity assessments
Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, cilt.53, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 53
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.scp.2026.102516
- Dergi Adı: Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, BIOSIS, Chemical Abstracts Core, EMBASE
- Anahtar Kelimeler: ChCl-2-PeA DES, Cytotoxicity, Indomethacin, Multi-tool assessments, UA-DLLME
- Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
An eco-friendly and sustainable ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UA-DLLME) method coupled with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer was developed for the determination of indomethacin in environmental waters, synthetic serum, synthetic urine, and pharmaceutical capsule formulations. A deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of choline chloride and 2-phenylethanol at a 1:4 M ratio was employed as the extraction solvent. Characterization of the DES was carried out by FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Under optimum conditions, the developed method provided high extraction recoveries (97-99%) with good precision (RSD = 3.1-5.9%, n = 6). Excellent linearity was obtained in the range of 0.3-10 μg mL−1 (R2 = 0.9996), with a low limit of detection of 0.09 μg mL−1 and a preconcentration factor of 15. In real samples, the method demonstrated high extraction recoveries ranging from 95% to 102% with satisfactory precision (RSD = 3-5%). Comprehensive evaluations using ComplexMoGAPI, BAGI, SPMS, CACI, MoGSA, and VIGI metrics have demonstrated that the developed method exhibits robust analytical performance in terms of environmental impact, applicability, practicality, innovativeness, and sustainability. Furthermore, cytotoxicity studies on HepG2 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells and normal THLE-2 cells revealed the selective and biologically safe profile of the ChCl-2-PeA DES system, supporting its applicability as a sustainable and safer extraction medium.