Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi
TARIM BILIMLERI DERGISI, cilt.32, sa.1, ss.1-15, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus, TRDizin)
While biochar (B) and pumice (P) are accepted practices for increasing water retention and soil-plant productivity, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) increases the plant's access to soil moisture and supports the development of productivity. The use of recycled wastewater (WW), is an effective approach to protect freshwater resources, increases soil-plant fertility, reduces the need for fertilizer, and contributes to the sustainable European Green Consensus by reducing the discharge of WW. However, the heavy metal (HM) content of WW can negatively affect the environment-soil-plant health. The study, investigated the B, P and their combination (B+P) in the soil of pepper irrigated with different water qualities in conditions with-without AMF, hypothesized that B+P under AMF would limit HM contamination in WW, in addition to reducing irrigation water quantity (IWQ) and increasing irrigation water productivity (IWP) and soil-plant efficiency. As a result, IWP increased in parallel with the IWQ reduction and yield increase with B+P, B, P, respectively, also AMF and WW. These treatments increased yield of the plant by improving the organic matter, total nitrogen, and cation exchange capacity of the soil, but a moderate increase in soil salinity in B and WW, thus increasing the electrolyte leakage. Although there was more Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb in the soil of the B, P, B+P and AMF and WW, no-contamination was observed and B, P, B+P increased the plant's uptake of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb while limiting the uptake of Cd, Cr, Ni, and AMF also created a barrier in the uptake of HM. However, in WW, the accumulation of HM in pepper was higher but did not exceed threshold values. It was found that B+P under AMF conditions can be safely used in WW due to its effects in reducing HM and its regulating properties of soil-plant and increasing IWP.