Efficient CO-free carbonylation of aryl halides catalyzed by SBA-15-supported Pd-1,10-phenanthroline

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Fathinejad M., Mansoori Y., Fekri S., Akınay Y., ÇETİN T.

Scientific Reports, cilt.16, sa.1, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Cilt numarası: 16 Sayı: 1
  • Basım Tarihi: 2026
  • Doi Numarası: 10.1038/s41598-026-52237-9
  • Dergi Adı: Scientific Reports
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, BIOSIS, Chemical Abstracts Core, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Directory of Open Access Journals, Zoological Record, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Natural Science Collection (ProQuest), Biological Science Database (ProQuest), Biomedical Reference Collection: Corporate Edition (EBSCO), Health Research Premium Collection (ProQuest)
  • Anahtar Kelimeler: Aryl halide, CO-free carbonylation, Heterogeneous catalyst, SBA-15, Supported Pd-1,10-phenanthroline complex
  • Açık Arşiv Koleksiyonu: AVESİS Açık Erişim Koleksiyonu
  • Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

A robust heterogeneous palladium catalyst was constructed by immobilizing a 1,10-phenanthroline-Pd(II) complex onto mesoporous SBA-15 silica via post-synthetic surface functionalization. The catalyst, SBA-15@PHEN-Pd(II), was prepared through sequential silylation of SBA-15, covalent anchoring of 5-amino-1,10-phenanthroline, and subsequent coordination with PdCl2. Comprehensive characterization by TGA, XPS, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) confirmed successful surface modification and palladium immobilization. XPS analysis indicated that palladium is present in the + 2 oxidation state and coordinated to the phenanthroline nitrogens. SBA-15@PHEN-Pd(II) efficiently catalyzed CO-free carbonylation of aryl halides to carboxylic acids using a formic acid/DCC system. Systematic optimization identified DMF and NaOH at 120 °C as optimal, enabling up to 76% yield across a broad substrate scope. Reactivity followed the order Ar-I > Ar-Br > Ar-Cl, and substrates bearing electron-withdrawing substituents exhibited enhanced reactivity. Negligible palladium leaching was observed, and hot filtration experiments confirmed the heterogeneous nature of the catalyst. SBA-15@PHEN-Pd(II) exhibits sustained catalytic activity over six consecutive cycles, highlighting its stability and efficiency as a CO-free carbonylation catalyst.