Investigation of the effects of Mn-PH additive on the performance and emissions of a single-cylinder SI engine at a constant speed
Applied Thermal Engineering, cilt.303, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 303
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132268
- Dergi Adı: Applied Thermal Engineering
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Compendex, INSPEC, DIALNET, Business Source Ultimate (EBSCO)
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Emission characteristics, Exergy analysis, Manganese-phthalocyanine, Response surface methodology, Spark-ignition engine, Sustainability index
- Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
Optimizing thermal efficiency while curbing emissions in spark-ignition engines remains critical under stringent regulations, yet first-law analysis cannot localize combustion irreversibilities, and conventional metal-oxide nano-additives suffer from instability and abrasion. Macrocyclic manganese-phthalocyanine (Mn-PH) complexes offer superior organic solubility and a distinct catalytic framework, but their second-law influence is unexplored. This study evaluates Mn-PH-enriched gasoline in a single-cylinder, air-cooled spark-ignition engine at 2500 rpm. The complex was solvated in tetrahydrofuran and blended with gasoline at 5% and 10% ( v /v), with neat gasoline as a baseline, across a torque of 1.2–10.4 N·m. Response surface methodology with a full factorial design modelled the coupled effects of additive dosage and torque, and the second-order models were assessed by analysis of variance and internal cross-validation diagnostics (R2 = 0.983–0.996 for the optimized responses). Pronounced load-dependent behavior emerged. At 2.6 N·m, Mn-PH10 raised exergy efficiency from 8.76% to 10.13%, reduced exergy destruction by 23.69%, lowered exhaust heat loss by 23.08%, and minimized entropy generation to 0.00765 kW/K. At peak torque (10.4 N·m), this advantage reversed, gasoline reaching 18.68% exergy efficiency owing to the higher fuel consumption of the lower-heating-value blend. Mn-PH enrichment was associated with reduced thermal NOx and moderated exhaust temperatures. Multi-objective optimization identified an interpolative optimum at 10.0% additive and 6.36 N·m (exergy efficiency 17.09%, sustainability index 1.204, desirability 0.842). The work shows that, although high-load gains are constrained by fuel-consumption trade-offs, calibrated Mn-PH formulations provide a viable route to lower thermodynamic irreversibilities and emissions at partial load without engine modification.